Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition that causes airflow limitation, making it difficult to breathe. It commonly includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dust. COPD leads to chronic cough, excessive mucus production, and shortness of breath, especially during physical activity. Early diagnosis and ongoing management are crucial to slow disease progression, improve quality of life, and prevent complications.

Causes & Risk Factors

• Long-term cigarette smoking (primary cause)
• Exposure to air pollution or industrial dust
• Genetic factors such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
• Frequent respiratory infections in childhood
• Aging, which reduces lung elasticity

Symptoms

• Persistent cough with mucus (chronic bronchitis)
• Shortness of breath, especially on exertion
• Wheezing and chest tightness
• Frequent respiratory infections
• Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance

Diagnosis

• Detailed medical history and physical examination
• Pulmonary function tests (spirometry) to measure airflow limitation
• Chest X-ray or CT scan to assess lung damage
• Blood tests to check oxygen levels and inflammation
• Assessment of symptoms and exacerbation history