Pleural effusion is the accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space, the area between the lungs and chest wall. This condition can cause shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and reduced lung function. Pleural effusions may result from infections, heart failure, liver or kidney disease, malignancies, or inflammatory conditions. Early detection and evaluation are essential to identify the underlying cause and guide appropriate treatment, which may involve fluid drainage, medications, or surgery.

Causes & Risk Factors

• Heart failure leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs
• Pneumonia or other lung infections
• Liver or kidney disease causing fluid imbalance
• Cancer, including lung or breast malignancies
• Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus

Symptoms & Warning Signs

• Shortness of breath, especially during activity
• Chest pain or tightness
• Persistent cough
• Reduced exercise tolerance and fatigue
• Swelling of the legs or other signs of systemic fluid overload

Diagnosis & Treatment

• Chest X-ray or ultrasound to detect and quantify fluid
• CT scan for detailed evaluation and identification of underlying causes
• Thoracentesis (fluid drainage) for both diagnosis and symptom relief
• Laboratory analysis of pleural fluid to identify infection, cancer, or other causes
• Treatment tailored to the cause: diuretics, antibiotics, chemotherapy, or surgical interventions